The period of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) has long been recognized as the formative period of Islamic civilization with its various achievements in the areas of science, literature, and culture.

Many Muslim doctors published influential works on medicine, for example: The Abbasid caliphs encouraged learning in every area. Thanks to the taxes they collected across their vast empire ...

medicine and philosophy in that phase of ascendency. Unfortunately, they started losing their worth in knowledge soon afterwards, and found themselves in the ditch of ignorance. After the Abbasid ...